![]() This review summarizes the progress of landscape genomic studies such as conceptual and methodological developments as well as applied contributions during the previous decade. Thus, additional landscape genomic studies are needed to assist the construction of basic theoretical frameworks and formulation of universal hypotheses. Although landscape genomics has been pursued for a decade, the studies, basic theoretical frameworks, and universal hypotheses in this field are still scarce. These studies have achieved considerable progress on understanding of the relative roles of adaptive and non-adaptive processes in shaping patterns of genomic variation and the effects of environmental variables on adaptive differentiation at the genomic level. Landscape genomic studies on many plant and animal species have been recently conducted ( Berg et al., 2015 Manthey and Moyle, 2015 Leamy et al., 2016 Vangestel et al., 2016). Landscape genetics, however, is biased toward using a relatively small number of molecular markers to reveal the relationship between environmental factors and the spatial genetic structure of populations ( Dionne et al., 2008 Poelchau and Hamrick, 2012 Manel and Holderegger, 2013). Emphasis is placed on adaptive evolution at the genome level ( Miao et al., 2017). Different from landscape genetics, landscape genomics requires a sufficient number of molecular markers to cover the entire genome. (2007) proposed landscape genomics as a relatively new discipline that aims to reveal the relationship between the adaptive genetic imprints in genomes and the environmental heterogeneity. Landscape genomics is a powerful research field for investigating the adaptive evolution of species in response to spatial environmental heterogeneity ( Vincent et al., 2013). Exploring the adaptive evolution of species in response to spatial environmental heterogeneity will be useful in understanding initial adaptive divergence and evolutionary potential of a target species ( Pluess et al., 2016). ![]() ![]() These changes might be due to phenotypic plasticity or heritable phenotypic variation. Local adaptation requires the species to face long-term spatial environmental heterogeneity and eventually leads to adaptive differentiation of phenotypes. Adjusting their distribution range or local adaptation is the usual coping strategy of species toward rapid climate change ( Aitken et al., 2008). Rapid global climate change is an important factor that affects biodiversity ( Hoffmann and Sgrò, 2011). This review aims to promote interest in conducting additional studies in landscape genomics. We also address major challenges and future directions for landscape genomics. This review outlines the sampling strategies, molecular marker types and research categories in 37 articles published during the first 10 years of this field (i.e., 2007–2016). Landscape genomics has become a powerful method to scan and determine the genes responsible for the complex adaptive evolution of species at population (mostly) and individual (more rarely) level. Although the interest in landscape genomics has increased since this term was coined, studies on this topic remain scarce. Landscape genomics is a relatively new discipline that aims to reveal the relationship between adaptive genetic imprints in genomes and environmental heterogeneity among natural populations. 2Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife of the Ministry of Education and Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany and Biodiversity, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China. ![]() 1College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China.Yong Li 1 Xue-Xia Zhang 1 Run-Li Mao 1 Jie Yang 1 Cai-Yun Miao 1 Zhuo Li 1 Ying-Xiong Qiu 2* ![]()
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